The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Complications. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. .
week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). How does hypnosis work? Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Reduced urine. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea.
States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007).
One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning.
Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Think meditation might help? Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light.
Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor.
PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Loss of appetite. 2. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain.
What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy.