which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

116. Thats all right. 133. 23. They are tied to experiences early in life. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. b. behavior-focused therapists. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. c. gestalt d. it is too narrow in certain ways. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. a. gestalt c. superego. 131. c. existential She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. b. cultural. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. 104. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. 66. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. A patient has social anxiety disorder. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. b. ego. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). d. fear. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? b. repression. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? Consider where students sit in a class. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. 58. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. Joanie has social anxiety. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. c. intellectualization. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. a. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Infants tend to do things that feel good. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. a. 2.2.2.3. Psychosurgery. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. b. overgeneralization. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. 70. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. 48. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. 121. 166. a. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. d. projection. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? a. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). d. case studies. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. This is called the. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? 15. b. social factors leading to stress. 95. d. self-help therapy. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. 155. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. d. displacement. 72. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. 83. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. c. rationalization. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. b. family structure and communication. 20. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Unconditioned means unlearned. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. 145. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. 2.2.1.3. d. psychodynamic. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. d. humanists. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. Evaluating the behavioral model. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. This is called the absolute refractory period. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! 103. Participants have similar issues. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. 68. We must try to convert what we see into action. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. 50. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. What is learning and what forms does it take? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. Simply: Figure 2.1. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. d. latency stage. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. a. modeling See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. c. paradigms. Think of it as an If-Then statement. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. 164. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. 2.3.4.2. 2.2.2. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. b. delusional thinking. d. object relations theory. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? 62. 2.3.3.4. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. a. catharsis. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. 47. d. projection. I bet the bad behavior ended too. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). The answer is continuous. b. the pleasure principle. 163. b. learned behavior. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. I'm here for you." The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." 19. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: 93. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. a. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. Evaluating the cognitive model. 22. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. 29. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. 146. b. operant conditioning. If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). b. Observational learning. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. None of the models are complete within themselves. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. b. exposure therapy. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. 2.3.4.3. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. b. ego. Models aid us with doing all of this. 12. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. 74. c. psychoanalysts. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. You are doing your best. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Cognitive therapies. 111. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. 91. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013).