why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Topic guides / - navy to firth of Forth. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Spanish invasion plans. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Use your outline In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. VAT reg no 816865400. West Yorkshire, Boston Spa, This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. 1. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. From there we will look at the career . After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. 214 High Street, These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. West Yorkshire, This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Died: 24 March 1603. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Copy. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. The invasion failed, however. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. It had to deal with Irish . The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Boston House, Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Those who refused this were sent to prison. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Spain and France were the major European powers. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. 2) This war was not a success. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. VAT reg no 816865400. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this.